Unmanned aircraft Munition:
"Well that sounds like a bomber with extra steps"
This is basically how aircraft work, they fly out to a place and drop an explosive bit while all the flying bits return to base. It looks like this specific drawing is seperating a small quad-copter to return and leaving the rest of the aircraft to go blow something up? Based on some quick google searching the range of a small quad-copter is only 6-7 miles so you'd need some kind of pickup thing nearby to retreive the core module then fly it back to the carrier. You would also only be returning the computer and sensor module so I'm not certain this would be a great return on investment over something more conventional like a small drone that drops cheap bombs.
Though I could see a use for something like a cruise missile or loitering bomb that has a detachable 'core
system' for battle damage assessment after the bomb has hit the target and isn't really intended to be returned to the carrier.
Sensor Balloons:
We have these now, and I think its only a matter of time before something similar appears on ships.
I DON'T think they will work on the carrier. The carrier will want to operate at extreme distances, and will likely have scouts in the form of aircraft and boats. I think THOSE boats will start to carry either Sensor Balloons, Sensor modules, or teathered
drones carrying sensory packages.
Ulta Fast Propusion - Rocket:
First thought: Carriers are going to be nuclear powered and have lots of energy. It would be super easy to get rocket fuel by cracking water into Hydrogen and Oxygen.
Rockets would also be a poor choice for this since the carrier isn't going to get supersonic. You would be better off using a turboprop.
You would also need to dramatically redesign the ship for faster speeds if you really wanted GOFAST technolgy. Either going more towards an Ekranoplan like design:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lun-class_ekranoplan or go for something supersonic like the Skval
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA-111_Shkval. I think either way this will dramatically eat into the carrier's capabilities.
Morphing Hulls
This would certainly give the mechanical engineers a lot to do onboard the ship. I'm not sure what method is being used to change the hull shape, perhaps inflatable sections? I imagine this would introduce a lot of complexity without producing a lot of benifit. You likely might use the SWATH mode for stability and just fill some balast tanks to get the semi-submersible stealth mode.
Quantum Sensing Devices around Vessel
Pure Star-Trek with no basis in reality. Real Quantum Sensors are scientific tools and don't work like Radar.
Stations for RF weapons, Lasers, Hologram Projections, and Rail Guns.
I don't think any military is going to be fooled by hologram projectors, and these kind of weapons aren't the primary capability of carriers anyways.
Downward Launching for manned subs and AVVs.
I think you want your carrier focusing on aircraft stuff, and would save all your internal space for that unless you absolutely need to. I imagine you'd have another ship for underwater operations. I also don't think you would want to put this inside of the slim transforming hull section.
Onboard 3d Printing of stuff:
Probably not for everything, but 3d printing will certainly show up on ships in the future in some capacity.
Widespread use of biodegradable materials certainly would make keeping your own bases and training areas clean.
Horizontal Torpedoes:
Sure, but I also think you'd put this on other ships rather than on your carrier to free up space for air operations... or just launch it from an aircraft.
Gills to extract Hydrogen from the ocean:
If you're already running a nuclear reactor, you could get hydrogen and turn it into jet fuel which could expand your logistical capabilities. Not sure you would use 'gills' for this.
Kite:
We already have ships that use sails today, and if this was small / lightweight enough this could easily be an extra boost to logistics.
Wind Turbine:
Certainly also an option. I imagine these are easily retractable and possibly made from an inflatable mesh. It could easily be used to generate a little extra power to expand your logistics. I also imagine that a flying wind turbine option would let you both generate power and act as a kite to pull the ship.
Increasing ship beam to store more special forces guys:
Just build that into the ship from the get-go.